Guide to Social Security Numbers (SSN) for Foreign Nationals in the United States

Obtaining a Social Security Number (SSN) is a critical step for foreign nationals authorized to work in the U.S., as it serves as an essential identifier for income reporting, tax filing, and other federal processes. This guide provides an overview of how foreign nationals can apply for an SSN, work while awaiting issuance, and upgrade their SSN status post-naturalization.

How to Apply for a Social Security Number (SSN)

For Employment Authorization Applicants (Form I-765)

Foreign nationals applying for employment authorization (Form I-765) have the option to request an SSN concurrently by completing specific fields on the form. This simultaneous application process can simplify and expedite obtaining an SSN.

For non I-765 Applicants

Those not using Form I-765 must apply in person at a Social Security Administration (SSA) office. To proceed, applicants need to present two valid identification documents, proof of work authorization, immigration status, and age verification. For further details, the SSA website offers comprehensive guidance on required documents and procedural steps.

Immigrant Visa Applicants Abroad

Immigrant visa applicants applying from U.S. consulates can request an SSN during their visa application process, a process known as Enumeration at Entry (EAE). Since EAE involves coordination across multiple federal agencies, processing times may be prolonged if there are any communication issues between these agencies. It’s often advisable for immigrants to wait until they arrive in the U.S. to apply directly at an SSA office, which can prevent unnecessary delays.

 Timeline for Receiving an SSN Card

• Applicants Using Form I-765: After USCIS approval, the SSA typically issues an SSN card within one week.
• In-Person SSA Office Applicants: Expect an SSN card within two weeks of application.
• Consulate Requests: Immigrants who requested an SSN through EAE at a consulate abroad should receive the card within three weeks after arrival in the U.S., provided there are no hold-ups.

Work Authorization: Working Without an SSN

Foreign nationals may begin employment without an SSN, as work authorization is independent of SSN issuance. While some employers may mistakenly delay hiring until an SSN is available, the I-9 verification process does not require an SSN for employees who are authorized to work. The official M-274 Handbook for Employers clarifies that employees awaiting SSN issuance are legally permitted to work during this period.

Types of SSN Cards and Annotations

SSN cards issued to foreign nationals may include specific annotations based on the nature of work authorization:

• Annotated Authorization Cards: These cards display “VALID FOR WORK ONLY WITH DHS AUTHORIZATION,” indicating that the individual may work only with Department of Homeland Security (DHS) authorization.
• Unrestricted SSNs: U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, and others with unrestricted work authorization receive SSN cards without annotations.

For applicants adjusting their status through Form I-485 (Adjustment of Status), there is an option to request an unrestricted SSN once the green card is issued. Those eligible for this can apply at an SSA office to ensure the SSN card reflects their updated work authorization status.

Final Thoughts

Obtaining an SSN is an essential milestone for foreign nationals, facilitating work, tax reporting, and other critical functions in the U.S. Although the process can sometimes be complex, recent efforts by USCIS and SSA aim to make obtaining an SSN more streamlined and accessible.